diff --git a/app/controllers/admin/assets_controller.rb b/app/controllers/admin/assets_controller.rb
index 58f4a746..4489ce81 100644
--- a/app/controllers/admin/assets_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/admin/assets_controller.rb
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class Admin::AssetsController < OrbitBackendController
   
   def create  
     @asset = Asset.new(params[:asset])
-    @asset.filename = @asset.title[I18n.locale] rescue nil
+    @asset.filename = @asset.title rescue nil
     if @asset.filename && @asset.save
       respond_to do |format|
         format.js {
diff --git a/app/helpers/admin/asset_helper.rb b/app/helpers/admin/asset_helper.rb
index 818a2340..7ed6fa15 100644
--- a/app/helpers/admin/asset_helper.rb
+++ b/app/helpers/admin/asset_helper.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ module Admin::AssetHelper
   def show_all_fields(asset, field)
     a = []
     @site_valid_locales.each do |locale|
-      a << asset.send(field)[locale] rescue nil
+      a << asset.send("#{field}_translations")[locale] rescue nil
     end 
     a.join(' - ')
   end
diff --git a/app/helpers/admin/item_helper.rb b/app/helpers/admin/item_helper.rb
index 78e911b9..e30e44ca 100644
--- a/app/helpers/admin/item_helper.rb
+++ b/app/helpers/admin/item_helper.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module Admin::ItemHelper
       ret << "<li id='#{node.id}' class='#{no_nested}'>"
       # ret << "<i class='icons-moves'></i>"
       ret << "<div class='with_action'><i class='icons-moves'></i>"
-      ret << (link_to node.i18n_variable[I18n.locale], dest, :class => 'js_history')
+      ret << (link_to node.title, dest, :class => 'js_history')
       ret << "<div class='quick-edit hide'>"
       ret << (link_to t('admin.edit'), eval("edit_admin_#{node._type.downcase}_path(node)"), :class => 'js_history') if node._type.eql?('Page')
       ret << (link_to t('admin.new_page'), new_admin_page_path(:parent_id => node.id), :class => 'new_page js_history') if node._type.eql?('Page')
diff --git a/app/helpers/application_helper.rb b/app/helpers/application_helper.rb
index 0ed5a1bd..0c6229b3 100644
--- a/app/helpers/application_helper.rb
+++ b/app/helpers/application_helper.rb
@@ -122,11 +122,11 @@ module ApplicationHelper
 
   def page_title(page)
     res = "<title>"
-    page_title = page.title ? page.title[I18n.locale] : page.i18n_variable[I18n.locale]
+    page_title = page.page_title ? page.page_title : page.title
     if page.root? && @site.title
-      res << @site.title[I18n.locale]
+      res << @site.title
     elsif @site.title && @site.title_always_on
-      res << @site.title[I18n.locale] + ' - ' + page_title
+      res << @site.title + ' - ' + page_title
     else
       res << page_title
     end
diff --git a/app/models/ad_image.rb b/app/models/ad_image.rb
index 9d7fe55b..869cf031 100644
--- a/app/models/ad_image.rb
+++ b/app/models/ad_image.rb
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ class AdImage
 
   mount_uploader :file, ImageUploader
 
-  has_one :title, :class_name => "I18nVariable", :as => :language_value, :autosave => true, :dependent => :destroy
-  has_one :context, :class_name => "I18nVariable", :as => :language_value, :autosave => true, :dependent => :destroy
+  field :title, localize: true
+  field :context, localize: true
   
   field :direct_to_after_click,type: Boolean
   
diff --git a/app/models/asset.rb b/app/models/asset.rb
index e20fcb9e..617f0496 100644
--- a/app/models/asset.rb
+++ b/app/models/asset.rb
@@ -6,10 +6,8 @@ class Asset
   mount_uploader :data, FileAssetUploader
 
   field :filename
-  field :description
-
-  has_one :title, :class_name => "I18nVariable", :as => :language_value, :autosave => true, :dependent => :destroy
-  has_one :description, :class_name => "I18nVariable", :as => :language_value, :autosave => true, :dependent => :destroy
+  field :description, localize: true
+  field :title, localize: true
   
   validates_presence_of :title, :data, :description
 
@@ -17,29 +15,8 @@ class Asset
   belongs_to :assetable, polymorphic: true
   has_and_belongs_to_many :tags, :class_name => "AssetTag"
 
-  before_save :set_key
-
-  def title
-    @title ||= I18nVariable.first(:conditions => {:key => 'title', :language_value_id => self.id, :language_value_type => self.class}) rescue nil
-  end
-
-  def description
-    @description ||= I18nVariable.first(:conditions => {:key => 'description', :language_value_id => self.id, :language_value_type => self.class}) rescue nil
-  end
-
   def sorted_tags
     tags.order_by(I18n.locale, :asc)
   end
-
-  protected
-  
-  def set_key
-    if title && title.new_record?
-      title.key = 'title'
-    end
-    if description && description.new_record?
-      description.key = 'description'
-    end
-  end
   
 end
diff --git a/app/models/asset_category.rb b/app/models/asset_category.rb
index 89bceaf7..f12575ce 100644
--- a/app/models/asset_category.rb
+++ b/app/models/asset_category.rb
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ class AssetCategory
 
   field :key
   field :display
-  
-  has_one :i18n_variable, :as => :language_value, :autosave => true, :dependent => :destroy
+  field :title, localize: true
   
   has_many :assets
   
diff --git a/app/models/item.rb b/app/models/item.rb
index 8dd5c0b4..60f737fe 100644
--- a/app/models/item.rb
+++ b/app/models/item.rb
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ class Item
   field :is_published, :type => Boolean, :default => false
   field :enabled_for, :type => Array, :default => nil
   field :menu_enabled_for, :type => Array, :default => nil
+  field :title, localize: true
 
-  has_one :i18n_variable, :as => :language_value, :autosave => true, :dependent => :destroy
  
   validates_format_of :name, :with => /^[0-9a-zA-Z\-_]+$/
   validates :name, :exclusion => { :in => LIST[:forbidden_item_names] }
diff --git a/app/models/meta/meta.rb b/app/models/meta/meta.rb
index cd713d83..7a34212e 100644
--- a/app/models/meta/meta.rb
+++ b/app/models/meta/meta.rb
@@ -4,16 +4,15 @@ class Meta
   include Mongoid::Timestamps
     
   field :key
+  field :title, localize: true
   field :value, :default => nil
 
-  has_one :i18n_variable, :as => :language_value, :autosave => true, :dependent => :destroy
-
   def get_name_content
   	[self.key, get_content]
   end
 
   def get_content
-  	self.value ? self.value : self.i18n_variable[I18n.locale]
+  	self.value ? self.value : self.title
   end
   
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page.rb b/app/models/page.rb
index 970df4cf..cb86c842 100644
--- a/app/models/page.rb
+++ b/app/models/page.rb
@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ class Page < Item
   field :category
   field :tag
   field :view_count, :type => Integer, :default => 0
+  field :page_title, localize: true
   
   belongs_to :design
   belongs_to :module_app
-  has_one :title, :class_name => "I18nVariable", :as => :language_value, :autosave => true, :dependent => :destroy
   has_many :page_parts, :autosave => true, :dependent => :destroy
   has_many :page_contexts, :autosave => true, :dependent => :destroy
   has_many :page_metas, :autosave => true, :dependent => :destroy
@@ -21,10 +21,6 @@ class Page < Item
   before_save :create_parts, :set_key
   
   # embeds_many :custom_images, :class_name => 'Image', as: :design_image
-
-  def title
-    @title ||= I18nVariable.first(:conditions => {:key => 'title', :language_value_id => self.id, :language_value_type => self.class}) rescue nil
-  end
   
   protected
   
@@ -47,10 +43,4 @@ class Page < Item
     end
   end
   
-  def set_key
-    if title && title.new_record?
-      title.key = 'title'
-    end
-  end
-  
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_part.rb b/app/models/page_part.rb
index 52eafdf3..5f4b1dd6 100644
--- a/app/models/page_part.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_part.rb
@@ -4,34 +4,15 @@ class PagePart
   include Mongoid::Timestamps
 
   field :name
-  field :content
+  field :content, localize: true
   field :kind
   field :public_r_tag
   field :public_r_tag_object_id, :default => nil
   field :public_r_tag_option, :default => nil
+  field :page_title, localize: true
   field :widget_path
-  
-  has_one :i18n_variable, :class_name => "I18nVariable", :as => :language_value, :autosave => true, :dependent => :destroy
-  has_one :title, :class_name => "I18nVariable", :as => :language_value, :autosave => true, :dependent => :destroy
 
   belongs_to :page
   belongs_to :module_app
 
-  before_save :set_key
-
-  def i18n_variable
-    @i18n_variable ||= I18nVariable.first(:conditions => {:key => 'i18n_variable', :language_value_id => self.id, :language_value_type => self.class}) rescue nil
-  end
-
-  def title
-    @title ||= I18nVariable.first(:conditions => {:key => 'title', :language_value_id => self.id, :language_value_type => self.class}) rescue nil
-  end
-
-  protected
-  
-  def set_key
-    title.key = 'title' if title && (title.key.blank? rescue true)
-    i18n_variable.key = 'i18n_variable' if i18n_variable && (i18n_variable.key.blank? rescue true)
-  end
-
 end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/app/models/site.rb b/app/models/site.rb
index 55d6bfaf..faa7ece3 100644
--- a/app/models/site.rb
+++ b/app/models/site.rb
@@ -18,12 +18,11 @@ class Site
   field :school
   field :department
 
-  has_one :title, :class_name => "I18nVariable", :as => :language_value, :autosave => true, :dependent => :destroy
-  has_one :footer, :class_name => "I18nVariable", :as => :language_value, :autosave => true, :dependent => :destroy
-  has_one :sub_menu, :class_name => "I18nVariable", :as => :language_value, :autosave => true, :dependent => :destroy
-  has_many :site_metas, :autosave => true, :dependent => :destroy
+  field :title, localize: true
+  field :footer, localize: true
+  field :sub_menu, localize: true
   
-  before_save :set_key
+  has_many :site_metas, :autosave => true, :dependent => :destroy
 
   def generate_keys
     private_key = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.generate(2048)
@@ -40,18 +39,6 @@ class Site
     res.eql?('local out of date') ? false : true
   end
 
-  def title
-    @title ||= I18nVariable.first(:conditions => {:key => 'title', :language_value_id => self.id, :language_value_type => self.class}) rescue nil
-  end
-
-  def footer
-    @footer ||= I18nVariable.first(:conditions => {:key => 'footer', :language_value_id => self.id, :language_value_type => self.class}) rescue nil
-  end
-
-  def sub_menu
-    @sub_menu ||= I18nVariable.first(:conditions => {:key => 'sub_menu', :language_value_id => self.id, :language_value_type => self.class}) rescue nil
-  end
-
   METAS.each do |meta|
     define_method meta do
       fetch_meta = self.site_metas.where(key: meta).limit(1)
@@ -66,13 +53,5 @@ class Site
       end
     end
   end
-
-  protected
-  
-  def set_key
-    title.key = 'title' if title && (title.key.blank? rescue true)
-    footer.key = 'footer' if footer && (footer.key.blank? rescue true)
-    sub_menu.key = 'sub_menu' if sub_menu && (sub_menu.key.blank? rescue true)
-  end
   
 end
diff --git a/app/models/user/attribute.rb b/app/models/user/attribute.rb
index af8a1106..faa5876a 100644
--- a/app/models/user/attribute.rb
+++ b/app/models/user/attribute.rb
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ class Attribute
   field :key
   field :built_in, :type => Boolean, :default => false
   field :disabled, :type => Boolean, :default => false
+  field :title, localize: true
   
   has_many :attribute_fields, :autosave => true, :dependent => :destroy
-  has_one :i18n_variable, :as => :language_value, :autosave => true, :dependent => :destroy
   accepts_nested_attributes_for :attribute_fields, :allow_destroy => true
   
   def is_built_in?
diff --git a/app/models/user/attribute_field.rb b/app/models/user/attribute_field.rb
index 42bbf910..2a227d27 100644
--- a/app/models/user/attribute_field.rb
+++ b/app/models/user/attribute_field.rb
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ class AttributeField
   field :list_options, :type => Array
   field :built_in, :type => Boolean, :default => false
   field :disabled, :type => Boolean, :default => false
+  field :title, localize: true
   
   belongs_to :attribute
-  has_one :i18n_variable, :as => :language_value, :autosave => true, :dependent => :destroy
   has_many :attribute_values
   
   # validates_uniqueness_of :key
diff --git a/app/models/user/role.rb b/app/models/user/role.rb
index 86f7266f..64db9ac2 100644
--- a/app/models/user/role.rb
+++ b/app/models/user/role.rb
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ class Role
   field :key
   field :built_in, :type => Boolean, :default => false
   field :disabled, :type => Boolean, :default => false
+  field :title, localize: true
   
   has_many :sub_roles, :autosave => true, :dependent => :destroy
-  has_one :i18n_variable, :as => :language_value, :autosave => true, :dependent => :destroy
   has_many :users
   accepts_nested_attributes_for :i18n_variable, :allow_destroy => true
   accepts_nested_attributes_for :sub_roles, :allow_destroy => true
diff --git a/lib/tasks/migrate.rake b/lib/tasks/migrate.rake
index b6781500..a13e0ff3 100644
--- a/lib/tasks/migrate.rake
+++ b/lib/tasks/migrate.rake
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ namespace :migrate do
     p '====================================================='
 
     p 'Start PageContext'
-    page_contexts = PageContext.admin_manager_all
+    page_contexts = PageContext.all
     i = 1
     page_contexts.each do |page_context|
       p "#{i}/#{page_contexts.size} - #{page_context.id}"
@@ -160,12 +160,13 @@ namespace :migrate do
     p '====================================================='
 
     p 'Start WebLink'
-    links = WebLink.admin_manager_all
+    links = WebLink.all
     i = 1
     links.each do |link|
       p "#{i}/#{links.size} - #{link.id}"
-      name = I18nVariable.first(:conditions => {:key => 'name', :language_value_id => link.id, :language_value_type => link.class})
-      link.name_translations = {'en' => name['en'], 'zh_tw' => name['zh_tw']} if name
+      # the original key was 'name'
+      title = I18nVariable.first(:conditions => {:key => 'name', :language_value_id => link.id, :language_value_type => link.class})
+      link.name_translations = {'en' => title['en'], 'zh_tw' => title['zh_tw']} if title
       context = I18nVariable.first(:conditions => {:key => 'context', :language_value_id => link.id, :language_value_type => link.class})
       link.context_translations = {'en' => context['en'], 'zh_tw' => context['zh_tw']} if context
       link.save(:validate => false)
@@ -187,6 +188,173 @@ namespace :migrate do
     end
     p 'End WebLinkCategory'
 
+    p '====================================================='
+    p '====================================================='
+
+    p 'Start Meta'
+    metas = Meta.all
+    i = 1
+    metas.each do |meta|
+      p "#{i}/#{metas.size} - #{meta.id}"
+      title = I18nVariable.first(:conditions => {:language_value_id => meta.id, :language_value_type => meta.class})
+      meta.title_translations = {'en' => title['en'], 'zh_tw' => title['zh_tw']} if title
+      meta.save(:validate => false)
+      i += 1
+    end
+    p 'End Meta'
+
+    p '====================================================='
+    p '====================================================='
+
+    p 'Start Attribute'
+    attributes = Attribute.all
+    i = 1
+    attributes.each do |attribute|
+      p "#{i}/#{attributes.size} - #{attribute.id}"
+      title = I18nVariable.first(:conditions => {:language_value_id => attribute.id, :language_value_type => attribute.class})
+      attribute.title_translations = {'en' => title['en'], 'zh_tw' => title['zh_tw']} if title
+      attribute.save(:validate => false)
+      i += 1
+    end
+    p 'End Attribute'
+
+    p '====================================================='
+
+    p 'Start AttributeField'
+    attribute_fields = AttributeField.all
+    i = 1
+    attribute_fields.each do |attribute_field|
+      p "#{i}/#{attribute_fields.size} - #{attribute_field.id}"
+      title = I18nVariable.first(:conditions => {:language_value_id => attribute_field.id, :language_value_type => attribute_field.class})
+      attribute_field.title_translations = {'en' => title['en'], 'zh_tw' => title['zh_tw']} if title
+      attribute_field.save(:validate => false)
+      i += 1
+    end
+    p 'End AttributeField'
+
+    p '====================================================='
+
+    p 'Start Role'
+    roles = Role.all
+    i = 1
+    roles.each do |role|
+      p "#{i}/#{roles.size} - #{role.id}"
+      title = I18nVariable.first(:conditions => {:language_value_id => role.id, :language_value_type => role.class})
+      role.title_translations = {'en' => title['en'], 'zh_tw' => title['zh_tw']} if title
+      role.save(:validate => false)
+      i += 1
+    end
+    p 'End Role'
+
+    p '====================================================='
+    p '====================================================='
+
+    p 'Start AdImage'
+    ad_images = AdImage.all
+    i = 1
+    ad_images.each do |image|
+      p "#{i}/#{ad_images.size} - #{image.id}"
+      # no key is set and title = context, this is due to original error in the code
+      title = I18nVariable.first(:conditions => {:language_value_id => image.id, :language_value_type => image.class})
+      image.title_translations = {'en' => title['en'], 'zh_tw' => title['zh_tw']} if title
+      image.context_translations = {'en' => title['en'], 'zh_tw' => title['zh_tw']} if title
+      image.save(:validate => false)
+      i += 1
+    end
+    p 'End AdImage'
+
+    p '====================================================='
+    p '====================================================='
+
+    p 'Start Asset'
+    assets = Asset.all
+    i = 1
+    assets.each do |asset|
+      p "#{i}/#{assets.size} - #{asset.id}"
+      title = I18nVariable.first(:conditions => {:key => 'title', :language_value_id => asset.id, :language_value_type => asset.class})
+      asset.title_translations = {'en' => title['en'], 'zh_tw' => title['zh_tw']} if title
+      description = I18nVariable.first(:conditions => {:key => 'description', :language_value_id => asset.id, :language_value_type => asset.class})
+      asset.description_translations = {'en' => description['en'], 'zh_tw' => description['zh_tw']} if description
+      asset.save(:validate => false)
+      i += 1
+    end
+    p 'End Asset'
+
+    p '====================================================='
+
+    p 'Start AssetCategory'
+    categories = AssetCategory.all
+    i = 1
+    categories.each do |category|
+      p "#{i}/#{categories.size} - #{category.id}"
+      title = I18nVariable.first(:conditions => {:language_value_id => category.id, :language_value_type => category.class})
+      category.title_translations = {'en' => title['en'], 'zh_tw' => title['zh_tw']} if title
+      category.save(:validate => false)
+      i += 1
+    end
+    p 'End AssetCategory'
+
+    p '====================================================='
+    p '====================================================='
+
+    p 'Start Item'
+    items = Item.all
+    i = 1
+    items.each do |item|
+      p "#{i}/#{items.size} - #{item.id}"
+      title = I18nVariable.first(:conditions => {:language_value_id => item.id, :language_value_type => item.class})
+      item.title_translations = {'en' => title['en'], 'zh_tw' => title['zh_tw']} if title
+      item.save(:validate => false)
+      i += 1
+    end
+    p 'End Item'
+
+    p '====================================================='
+
+    p 'Start Page'
+    pages = Page.all
+    i = 1
+    pages.each do |item|
+      p "#{i}/#{pages.size} - #{item.id}"
+      # the key was originally 'title', changed to 'page_title' to avoit conflict with parent
+      title = I18nVariable.first(:conditions => {:key => 'title', :language_value_id => item.id, :language_value_type => item.class})
+      item.page_title_translations = {'en' => title['en'], 'zh_tw' => title['zh_tw']} if title
+      item.save(:validate => false)
+      i += 1
+    end
+    p 'End Page'
+
+    p '====================================================='
+
+    p 'Start PagePart'
+    page_parts = PagePart.all
+    i = 1
+    page_parts.each do |part|
+      p "#{i}/#{page_parts.size} - #{part.id}"
+      title = I18nVariable.first(:conditions => {:key => 'title', :language_value_id => part.id, :language_value_type => part.class})
+      part.title_translations = {'en' => title['en'], 'zh_tw' => title['zh_tw']} if title
+      content = I18nVariable.first(:conditions => {:key => 'i18n_variable', :language_value_id => part.id, :language_value_type => part.class})
+      part.content_translations = {'en' => content['en'], 'zh_tw' => content['zh_tw']} if content
+      part.save(:validate => false)
+      i += 1
+    end
+    p 'End PagePart'
+
+    p '====================================================='
+    p '====================================================='
+
+    p 'Start Site'
+    site = Site.first
+    title = I18nVariable.first(:conditions => {:key => 'title', :language_value_id => part.id, :language_value_type => part.class})
+    site.title_translations = {'en' => title['en'], 'zh_tw' => title['zh_tw']} if title
+    footer = I18nVariable.first(:conditions => {:key => 'footer', :language_value_id => site.id, :language_value_type => site.class})
+    site.footer_translations = {'en' => footer['en'], 'zh_tw' => footer['zh_tw']} if footer
+    sub_menu = I18nVariable.first(:conditions => {:key => 'sub_menu', :language_value_id => site.id, :language_value_type => site.class})
+    site.sub_menu_translations = {'en' => sub_menu['en'], 'zh_tw' => sub_menu['zh_tw']} if sub_menu
+    site.save(:validate => false)
+    end
+    p 'End Site'
+
   end
   
 end